Business Model Involvement, Adaptive Capacity, and the Triple Bottom Line at the Base of the Pyramid

Abstract Almost two decades ago, Prahalad and Hammond [Harv Bus Rev, 80(9):48–59, 2002] introduced the base/bottom of pyramid (BOP) approach to profitably serving poor with business models adapted from developed markets while alleviating poverty. In response disappointing results ethical criticism, BOP evolved a just-for-profit passive role an inclusive development that integrates principles triple bottom line. A recent review literature [Dembek et al., J Ethics 165(3):365–382, 2020], however, reveals lack empirical evidence support sustainable approach. this paper, we specify assumptions underlying test them using structural equation modeling clustered robust standard errors on unique dataset 212 firms. Our findings show model involvement adaptive capacity are significant drivers line at BOP; does not guarantee ecologically performance BOP. We find there is need for further extension foundations